3 Tips for Producing Consistent Written Content

3 Tips for Producing Consistent Written Content 3 Tips for Producing Consistent Written Content 3 Tips for Producing Consistent Written Content By Mark Nichol There are many editorial strategies for making text easy to write, edit, and read. Here are a few guidelines for simplifying how your company, organization, or publication (even if it’s merely a personal blog) produces content. 1. Minimize House Style â€Å"House style† refers to treatment of specialized terminology and treatment of spelling, capitalization, numbers, or punctuation that differs from the norm. Before you decide to routinely spell a word in a variant or obsolete form (for example, writing archeology instead of archaeology), capitalize generic words (â€Å"The Company is dedicated to excellence†), use a numeral rather than spelling the number out (â€Å"We have 5 guiding principles†), or go against custom in formatting punctuation (for example, employing single quotation marks instead of double quotation marks), consider whether the divergence is worth the effort- and, if so, publicize and document the decision so that all content your organization produces is consistent. The more clear and thorough your house style is, the easier it is to maintain high-quality content. On the other hand, the less extensive and cumbersome your house style is, because there are fewer exceptions to attend to, the easier it is to maintain high-quality content. 2. Always Use the Serial Comma Many publications follow the Associated Press Style Book’s policy of omitting serial commas. (The serial comma is the last comma in a list such as â€Å"apples, oranges, and pears.†) Unfortunately, this modest effort to simplify by avoiding an optional punctuation mark actually complicates matters: When a list contains an element that includes a conjunction (â€Å"apples, oranges and tangerines and pears†), the sentence organization is compromised, so an exception must be made, which results in inconsistency. For the sake of uniformity and simplicity, always include a serial comma, the recommendation of The Chicago Manual of Style, the handbook of record for many book publishers and other content producers. On a related note, use semicolons for lists only when the presence of one or more commas within one or more list elements creates ambiguity, especially when one or more elements of the list is itself a list (â€Å"apples, oranges, and pears; milk and cheese; and bread†). The length of the list, and the presence of conjunctions within list elements, are not factors. 3. Capitalize Only When Necessary Capitalize proper names only, and capitalize job titles only before names. Generic abbreviations of entity names (â€Å"the company,† â€Å"the board,† â€Å"the department†) and references to concepts (â€Å"human resources†) are not proper names (though â€Å"Human Resources† is correct as the name of a specific department). Capitalization rules about art movements, medical and scientific terminology, geological and historical eras, and other scientific or cultural phenomena can seem (and sometimes are) arbitrary, so double-check reliable editorial resources. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About Numbers16 Misquoted Quotations10 Functions of the Comma

Free sample - Social Story Interventions for Students. translation missing

Social Story Interventions for Students. Social Story Interventions for StudentsSocial Story Interventions for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders A Meta-Analysis According to the American Psychiatrist Association (APA, 2000), Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a group of disorders characterized by a variety of difficulties with social interactions, communication, interests and repetitive behaviors. Included in ASD is autism, Aspersers Syndrome(AS) and pervasive developmental disorder which is not otherwise specified(PDD-MOS.)A wide range of interventions have been practiced so as to   mitigate the disorder. Among the intervention strategies is the use of social stories. These are individualized short stories written by teachers or parents of students with ASD. These stories can according to Atwood,2000 be used to aid people with such disorders in interpreting and comprehending challenging or rather confusing social questions. Social stories also give information regarding what people in a given situation are doing, feeling, thinking, sequence of events and the identification of important social cues and their meaning. Basically, the storie s deal with the ; who, what, when and why aspects of social situations (Atwood, 2000.p.90). Reynhout and Carter conducted a meta-analysis of single subject research to examine the use of social stories and the role of comprehensive set of moderator variables which include intervention and participant characteristics on intervention outcomes. In 2004, Sansosti, Powel Smith and Kincaid had carried out a comprehensive review and synthesis of the already existing research literature relating to social story effectiveness and discovered that a lot of the conducted studies were deficient of experimental control, had weak treatment effects and were confounded by a range of treatment variables. This made it hard to determine whether social stories alone were responsible for the changes seen in target behaviors.(Reynhout and Carter ,p.466)coincide with the observations made by Kincaid and company. They note that 'existing research does not demonstrate unequivocally that social story intervention is consistently effective in facilitating behavior change in children with autism. A com parison between two related studies was done. The studies were: a meta-analysis of single subject research and a web based survey. The two research studies had the following set of questions :( a) what is the overall effectiveness of social stories? (b) How are social stories constructed and used? and (c) What are the control participant and intervention variables that moderate the effectiveness of social stories? In the meta-analysis, (Crozier, 2007) Percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) was computed for the total intervention in the study for each participant. A set of inclusion criteria was used i.e. â€Å"studies using non experimental AB designs†¦treatment packages, those involving participants without a diagnosis of ASD and those with ceiling effects in baselines were not included†(Crozier, 2007). Due to this, a total of 18 studies comprising of 15 published articles and 3 dissertations that had been published between the years 2002 and 2007 were included in the meta-analysis. The web based questionnaire analyzed using descriptive statistics provided data for the survey. The final sample was made up of 42 teachers who were dealing with students with ASD. The use and effectiveness of social story was obtained and later on compared and contrasted across the two studies. The results of the meta-analysis pointed out those social stories had low to questionable overall effectiveness as per the PND score of 62% in the range 11-100% obtained for the intervention. Most teachers on contrary perceived the stories as highly effective when used to address transition difficulties faced by students with ASD. The meta-analysis indicated larger effects of the social stories on the reduction of challenging traits as opposed to the increase of social stall. According to the studies, the use of teachers as agents of social stories in special education contexts is the most common. On the other hand, the use of social stories in general education classrooms with students as their own intervention agents were associated with greater treatment effectiveness. The application of Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)   to inform social story interventions is believed to have led to improved outcomes. Younger and higher functioning participants such as students with better communication and social skills seemed to benefit to a greater extent from the intervention compared to older students with lower levels of skill development. The analysis also made use of additional variables of interest such as format of social stories, length and intensity of the intervention, use of comprehensive checks and participant reading skills.

Dr. Leta Stetter Hollingworth essays

Dr. Leta Stetter Hollingworth essays Leta Stetter Hollingworth, a pioneer of educational psychology, was born in Chadron, Nebraska, to Margaret D. Stetter and John G. Stetter. Stetter was the first of three children born on May 25, 1886. Following her birth were younger sisters Ruth Elinor and Margaret Carley. Her mother was a gentle, petite woman who died immediately after the birth of Margaret. After her death, her father became preoccupied with his career as a migrant farmer and social life and neglected his family. At the age of three, her father abandoned the family and left the girls with their maternal grandparents to raise for the next ten years. It was not until the age of 12 when her father remarried that their family reunited, but it was not a pleasant experience. Stetter began to miss her grandparents and long for her mother, more so now than ever. Their household was also plagued with both alcoholism and neglect from both parents. Stetter kept a journal of her thoughts regarding the events and experiences that were going on in her life. In her journal, Stetter wrote about the pain that she suffered from by being taken away from a loving environment and being placed in one filled with unhappiness. She often referred to this period of her life as the fiery furnace. By the age of 14, Stetters talent for writing resulted in the publication of one of her first poems entitled Lone Pine in the Valentine Newspaper, which she compares her existence to that of a solitary landmark not far from her home. In 1902, at the age of 16, Stetter graduated from Valentine High School and entered the University of Nebraska. While at the university, Stetters talents flourished. She recognized for her writing abilities and was active as the literary editor of the Daily Nebraskan, the associate editor of the Sombrero (the undergraduate annual of the university), assistant editor of the Senior Book, and class poet for the c...

History of the Domestication of Chocolate

History of the Domestication of Chocolate There is currently some debate as to how many species of cacao (Theobroma spp) exist in the world or ever did. Recognized varieties identified (and debated) include Theobroma cacao ssp. cacao (called Criollo and found throughout Central America); T. cacao spp. sphaerocarpum (called Forastero and found in the northern Amazon basin); and a hybrid of the two called Trinitario. Recent genetic studies suggest that all forms of cacao are simply versions of Forastero. If true, cacao originated in the upper Amazon of Colombia and Ecuador and was brought to central America by human intervention. Ethnographic studies in the northern Amazon revealed that cacao use there was confined to the production of cacao chicha (beer) from the fruit, not from processing the beans. Earliest Use of Chocolate The earliest known evidence for cacao bean use was located outside of the Amazon basin and dates between about 1900-1500 BC. Researchers investigated residues on the interior of several bowls dated to the earliest societies in Mesoamerica using mass spectrometry and discovered evidence of Theobromine within a tecomate at Paso de la Amada, a Mokaya site in southern Chiapas, Mexico. They also found a bowl testing positive for Theobromine from the El Manati Olmec site in Veracruz, dated roughly 1650-1500 BC. Other archaeological sites with early evidence of chocolate use include Puerto Escondido, Honduras, about 1150 BC, and Colha, Belize, between 1000-400 BC. Chocolate Innovations It seems clear that the innovation to plant and tend cacao trees is a Mesoamerican invention. Until recently, scholars believed that, since the Maya word kakaw originates from the Olmec language, the Olmec must have been the progenitors of this delicious liquid. However, recent archaeological studies at Puerto Escondido in Honduras suggest that the original steps towards domestication of cacao happened before the rise of the Olmec civilization when Honduras was in active trade with the Soconusco region. Archaeological sites with evidence for early chocolate domestication include Paso de la Amada (Mexico), El Manati (Mexico), Puerto Escondido (Honduras), Batsub Cave (Belize), Xunantunich (Guatemala), Rio Azul (Guatemala), Colha (Belize). Sources Fowler, William R.Jr.1993 The living pay for the dead: Trade, exploitation, and social change in early colonial Isalco, El Salvador. In Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Approaches to Postcontact Change in the Americas. J. D. Rogers and Samuel M. Wilson, eds. Pp. 181-200. New York: Plenum Press.Gasco, Janine 1992 Material culture and colonial Indian society in southern Mesoamerica: the view from coastal Chiapas, Mexico. Historical Archaeology 26(1):67-74.Henderson, John S., et al. 2007 Chemical and archaeological evidence for the earliest cacao beverages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(48):18937-18940Joyce, Rosemary A. and John S. Henderson 2001 Beginnings of Village Life in Eastern Mesoamerica. Latin American Antiquity 12(1):5-23.Joyce, Rosemary A. and John S. Henderson 2007 From Feasting to Cuisine: Implications of Archaeological Research in an Early Honduran Village. American Anthropologist 109(4):642-653.LeCount, Lisa J. 2001 Like water for chocolate: Feasting an d political ritual among the Late Classic Maya at Xunantunich, Belize. American Anthropologist 103(4):935-953. McAnany, Patricia A. and Satoru Murata 2007 Americas first connoisseurs of chocolate. Food and Foodways 15:7-30.Motamayor, J. C., A. M. Risterucci, M. Heath, and C. Lanaud 2003 Cacao domestication II: Progenitor germplasm of the Trinitario cacao cultivar. Heredity 91:322-330.Motamayor, J. C., et al. 2002 Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas. Heredity 89:380-386.Norton, Marcy 2006 Tasting empire: Chocolate and the European internalization of Mesoamerican aesthetics. American Historical Review 111(2):660-691.Powis, Terry G., et al. 2008 The origins of cacao use in Mesoamerica. Mexicon 30:35-38.Prufer, Keith M. and W. J. Hurst 2007 Chocolate in the Underworld Space of Death: Cacao Seeds from an Early Classic Mortuary Cave. Ethnohistory 54(2):273-301.

Samsung Product Portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Samsung Product Portfolio - Assignment Example In the home appliances category, it produces cookers, ovens air conditioners, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, and dishwashers. It also manufactures TVs, Speakers, Home theaters, TV/ audio/ video accessories, air track a, d Blu-ray. In the vast and growing area of information technology Samsung provides it consumers with mobile phones and, tablets, PC/ peripherals and printers, as well as, memory and storage devices. These items are produced in various and distinct models to meet the consumers requirements. For instance, Samsung India produces products for the middle and lower classes and provides them at a cheaper price (Krishnamacharyulu & Ramakrishnan, 2012). It achieves this by substituting different parts of a product with cheaper but durable material. Consequently, the company sells more electronic units at a cheaper price in India which is profitable for the company based on the low investment involved. Similarly, Samsung makes different models of phones to suit the needs and costs of its consumers. In Africa, there is a large demand for mobile phones for the purpose of communication. The large population of lower class consumers does not require phones that have sophisticated applications. Consequently, Samsung makes simple models for mobile phones to provide for this market. Nonetheless, it also provides smart phones with innovative technology for the same locations but for a different class of consumers. Samsung electronics is the most conglomerate among consumers. Any product development or investment should be made in the department. Samsung Electronics’ vision is becoming a globally recognized business leader by developing innovative technologies and enriching people’s lives. Its internal environment is designed to achieve this purpose. The company has a management structure that supports diversity.

Open economy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Open economy - Term Paper Example The primary advantage for consumers living in a country with an open economy is obvious in that they have a much larger variety of goods to choose from. The caveat here must be â€Å"if they can afford to buy them.† Additionally, these consumers may also invest financially outside of the country. Regarding country as a political entity, it is not required to equal its output of goods and services and can, if it wishes, spend more money than it itself produces within its economy by borrowing from abroad, or it can spend less than it produces and lend the difference to other countries. A primary example of this previous statement is the United States as the former country mentioned, and China as the latter, a situation widely discussed and criticized by many as detrimental to the future economic and political stability of our nation as well as its security. ChinaDaily.com quotes President Obama. â€Å"The long-term deficit and debt that we have accumulated (with China) is unsustainable. We cant keep on just borrowing from China... We have to pay interest on that debt and that means that were mortgaging our childrens future with more and more debt" (para. 2-3). At over $700 billion in U.S. government securities, and despite its own mixed participation in the open economy which discourages foreign investment, China is the single largest holder of U.S. debt. With a budget deficit of over 1.8 trillion, the US continues to import Chinese goods and allow it access to investment and debt purchase at a disproportionately alarming rate. With the world economy shrinking, c oncerns are many that China will either stop buying our debt or call in markers we are unable to pay. Much of what is touted about the benefits of open economy to poorer nations is largely theoretical. Chidambaran in India in Transition presents a positive view of the

Change Model Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Change Model - Research Paper Example The model requires that the implementation plan should begin by encouraging of the nursing staff to identify the practice questions that are either triggered through identification of a new knowledge or problem. In this plan, the model would that practice questions relating to the response to medical adherence to newly diagnosed young male with coronary heart disease be identified first. This will be essential in allocation of supporting resources to the top-most priorities. The next step that the model requires in implementation plan is formation of a team to develop, evaluate and implement the practice change. This team should be made up of stakeholders in the practice change; the team may include unit managers, interdisciplinary colleagues, and the staff nurses that identified the practice questions. Therefore, a team should be formed comprising of the aforementioned persons in order to effectively implement the plan (Reed and Lawrence, 2008). The model further requires that the team that has been formed should select, critique, review, and synthesize all the available research evidence relating to the implementation plan (Titler et al, 2001). In an event that the evidence is not sufficient, the team can make recommendations using lower evidence levels or by conducting additional research. If the evidence is adequate, then the practice can be initiated. After ascertaining this aspect, the team involved in this implementation plan should pilot the practice change in a bid to determine the effectiveness and feasibility. If the results of the pilot projects are positive, the team should facilitate integration and roll-out of the practice through continuous monitoring of outcomes, education, and leadership support. Thereafter, the Iowa Model requires that the reports of the projects to be shared outside and within the organization through publications and presentations. The model emphasizes on this step as it is important in supporting the

Key Words in Marketing (Customer Relationship Management) Essay

Key Words in Marketing (Customer Relationship Management) - Essay Example In the discussion section of the essay, the way how CRM evolved in the marketing and benefits of this mechanism in the marketing field have been explained. Customer Relationship Management The marketing concept of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) implies an unconventional strategic initiative to align organisational goals with the customers’ expectations and preferences. With the adoption of this process, the companies tend to improve their transparency commitment towards the customers and attain substantial competitive advantages through their understanding of customer likings accurately. With the collection of data, the companies can also design better strategies for developing the consumer behaviour and therefore, stimulating a change in the overall marketing trend. Today, when the market diversity has become a major challenge owing to globalisation effects and technology advancements have made communication processes more effective as well as complex, understanding t he various segments in the market and serving the customer effectively has become a major factor of concern for modern day companies. It is in this context that the concept of CRM has gained considerable importance among modern business firms that binds all the aforementioned factors in a strategically oriented and objective-driven manner (Kamakura et al., 2005). The major benefit that a company can derive from the adoption of CRM is the analysis of the long term relation to be developed with the present and probable customers and also move ahead with an intention for increasing the profit margin and sales of the company. CRM also helps to increase their value towards the shareholders by conducting various marketing activities targeted towards the development and maintenance of the relationship persisting amid the customers and the company (Kamakura et al., 2005). Thus, CRM facilitates in the overall development of an organisation, maintaining a deeper association with the customers ’ expectations and thereby, ensuring a more sustainable growth altogether. Literature Review In the recent years, it has been observed that the concept of CRM has received an increased significance in the business and marketing contexts of organisational management. According to Parvatiyar & Sheth (2002), CRM, as an unconventional marketing management framework, implies a broader attention of the modern companies for understanding the various needs of the customers and also incorporating their knowledge of customer preferences to align the strategic operations accordingly. The significance of practicing the CRM concept can also be argued with respect to the companies’ need for obtaining accurate understanding of customers’ preferences and expectations to be incorporated in their marketing strategies with the intention of improving the cooperative relations with their customers and increase the sales and profitability in a sustainable manner therefore. According to Tadajewski & Saren (2009), in marketing, the terms, ‘relationship marketing’ and ‘CRM’ are used as an alternative to each other. Both of these terms are used for forecasting a wide range of perceptions observable amid the targeted customers that further influence the market trends to a substantial extent. Among these perceptions, few of them provide a very narrow explanation of the functional marketing whereas few of them determine the broader framework of the marketing

Self Portraiture in Regard to Frida Kahlo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self Portraiture in Regard to Frida Kahlo - Essay Example The paper "Self Portraiture in Regard to Frida Kahlo" analyzes the art and life of Frida Kahlo. Rather than restricting her art, this confinement helped encourage Kahlo as it was one of the few things she could do from her bed. The fact that she was so isolated in her practice may have also contributed to her willingness to experiment with artistic forms as can be seen in several of her self-portraits, such as â€Å"The Two Fridas† and â€Å"The Broken Column.† Kahlo’s 1939 self-portrait â€Å"The Two Fridas† demonstrates a tremendous struggle to find balance between the past and the present and the individual and social expectations as seen through line, shape, color and space. Kahlo represents these ideas as a dual image that relates back to Kahlo’s polio-inflicted childhood. â€Å"During that time, she created an imaginary friend who would later be reflected in a painting called ‘The Two Fridas.’ Explaining the painting in her diary she wrote, ‘I experienced intensely an imaginary friendship with a little girl more or less the same age as me. I followed her in all her movements and while she danced, I told her my secret problems†. She invokes this same relationship at an older age to express her feelings at the time of her divorce from Diego in the shape of an imperfect mirror image. Color plays a big role in understanding the image as one Frida is dressed in European clothing, indicating that this is the actual European half of Frida gained from her father as well as the portion of her that Diego.

Management and Organizational Bahaviour Essay Example for Free

Management and Organizational Bahaviour Essay Q.No.1.â€Å"The major challenge Management faces today is living in a world of turbulence and uncertainitywhere new competitions arrive daily and competitive conditions change.† Explain with an example of any one product or service in the market . Validate your answer with research findings /stastical data . What measures can be taken to meet these challenges? Ans 1.A Challenge of Change The organizations and the individuals working in the organizations have a great challenge to deal with the change. The principle of dynamism and the theory of ‘Ignore and Perish, Change and Cherish’ have come to stay and the organizations have to respond positively to the changing environment. The challenge of change demands that the organizations become more transparent and open and the employees are given more autonomy. The institutions have to more concentrate on the quality of its people than product. The wind of change is affecting the organizations all over,from north to south and from east to west. Managers must create a new organizational space where those (new) capabilities can be developed. There are three possible ways to do that. Managers can * create new organizational structures within corporate boundaries in which new processes can be developed, * spin out an independent organization from the existing organization and develop within it the new processes and values required to solve the new problem, * acquire a different organization whose processes and values closely match the requirements of the new task’ * Business Process Outsourcing is further going to gain importance and the various processes in the production are going to be narrowed down into various parts. * The experiences of mergers and acquisitions could be followed for better presence in the market. Example:Changing market scenario : Medical Devices Industry Medical device market is quite diverse which includes medical and diagnostic equipment; medical implants like heart valve and cardiac stents, pacemakers, cannulae, knee joints; and lower end plastic disposables, blood bags, IV sets, syringes etc.. Even within the same group of implants, there are diverse products which may have hardly anything in common: for examples, Intra-ocular lens and knee joints. According to one source, in 2012, the Indian medical devices and diagnostics market has been estimated to have reached Rs. 139bn ,that had potential to grow at a CAGR of 23.2 percent over the period 2009-13. It has been estimated the market will grow by an average of 15.6 row percent over the next few years, to around USD 4.8bn by 2015 . Increasing physicians awareness and increasing patients requirement to avail high quality care are amongst the driving force for such a growth rate. Figure: Indian medical devices market size and forecast (09-13) (USD mn) Source: KPMG-CII In India, there are around 700 medical device makers; however, major players remain the foreign companies. Few major players in medical devices industry include: B. Braun Medical(I)Pvt. Ltd; BL Life sciences Ltd; 8.3 Baxter India; Bayer Diagnostics India Ltd; Godrej Industries Ltd;Johnson Johnson Medical India (JJMI) Ltd; Nicholas Piramal India Ltd; Opto Circuits (I) Limited; Philips Electronics India Ltd (Medical Systems Division); Roche Diagnostics India; Siemens India Ltd; Span Diagnostics Ltd; Trivitron Medical Systems; Wipro Biomed Ltd; Wipro GE Medical Systems. Coping with the Change * To constantly train people in new technology, new business practices and new paradigms. * Synergize organizational objectives with individual aspirations * Training Managers at all levels both in behavioral field as well as technical field as people are not going to be sitting face to face but will be connected mouse to mouse. * As the consumers are becoming more aware, the organizations have to train their employees for better customer relationship management (CRM). The individuals who are able to learn new competencies quickly are going to be valued more in this fast changing environment. Fundamentally, all organizations – from the military to schools to hospitals to private enterprises – need to dramatically increase the pace of change if they are going to thrive. * The organizations have to create an atmosphere where the employees from bottom level to the top level have a positive attitude towards change. * ‘Particular attention needs to be paid to young employees. They are a company’s long term investment. The contribution they make is dependent on how quickly they commit themselves to their work, and what they do about it’ . Three things can be said about change in today’s intense competitive environment: it’s hard, it’s necessary, and most people are bound to resist it. The question for leaders, then, is what actually makes change happen? Change is sensed as one of the most dynamic activity. It is more important to think about our roles in the changing environment rather than concentrating on what makes change happen. The fashion changes, individuals change, ‘only foolish and dead never change their opinion’ – so the opinions change, demands change, needs change and so does the market, trade and business and further so does our attitude change. â€Å"executives are recognizing that their most important need is to have ma nagers who deal with change and complexity by growing and by developing their capacities.† A Note for the Future Present organizational structure of course it has changed from what it was before 10 years but in coming few years it is further going to change. ‘As far as the interface of technology and business goes, it’s easy to predict what the characteristics of the next big thing will be; transparency, egalitarianism, immediacy, convenience, and economy. Nor is it difficult to hazard a guess on where its utility will be felt most; the way we work, the way we live; the way we interact; and the way in which we address larger problems related to the environment’. The future of work and the future of business is going to be decided by the methods and approaches followed by the organizations to face the challenge of change. The way the industry has reacted to the waves of change, we can expect that there is going to be better management of people and the human factor is going to be the most important factor in the coming days. The existence of knowledge society would certainly provide better outlook and perspective for thinking but the need is to be more cautious and more judicious in decision making for deciding the future course of action Q.No.3How can a leader transform potential into reality? What type of leadership is best suited in service providing units like healthcare centers? Give reasons for your choice. Ans.3. Introduction A leader is an individual who is able to demonstrate a specific set of roles, behaviours to influence the attitudes and behaviours of others. It is usually a group phenomenon. Two specific aspects of being a leader are: 1. The individual attributes or styles needed to be an effective leader. 2. The organizational skills required to manage the process of change Keys to Effective leadership Trust and confidence in top leadership was the single most reliable predictor of employee satisfaction in an organization. Effective communication by leadership in three critical areas was the key to winning organizational trust and confidence: 1. Helping employees understand the companys overall business strategy. 2. Helping employees understand how they contribute to achieving key business objectives. 3. Sharing information with employees on both how the company is doing and how an employees own division is doing — relative to strategic business objectives. Turning potential into Reality : the Leadership challenge The leader must analyse the following issues while framing a vision of growth of organization: 1. Recognize the capabilities of the organization 2. Recognize the decisions that need to be made and the changes that must occur 3. Recognize the importance of people in achieving the vision 4. Recognize your needs in relation to the larger organization These four issues align with four phases for achieving the vision: Phase 1: Analyze your organization Phase 2: Develop your organization Phase 3: Value and develop your people Phase 4: Maintain and develop your sphere of influence Leadership Styles Leadership style is the way in which a leader accomplishes his purposes. It can have profound effects on an organization and its staff members, and can determine whether the organization is effective or not. Leadership style depends on the leaders and organizations conception of what leadership is, and on the leaders choice of leadership methods. Depending how those fit together, a leader might adopt one of a variety styles, each reflected in the way the organization operates and the way its staff members relate to one another. * Autocratic totally in control, making all decisions himself * Managerial concerned with the smooth operation, rather than the goals and effectiveness, of the organization * Democratic consulting with others, encouraging equality within the organization, but making final decisions herself * Collaborative sharing leadership, involving others in all major decisions, spreading ownership of the organization. Other viewpoints of leadership styles are: * Transactional or autocratic (Burns, 1978). This might have been called in the past the ‘top down approach’ or autocratic leadership.* Transformational/interactional (Burns, 1978). Transformational leadership is aligned to democratic forms of leadership. It is a leadership style based upon embracing change and encouraging innovation. * Renaissance or modern (Cook, 1999 Renaissance leadership requires the effective use of power, influence and the ability to network to ensure key decision makers support changes. * Connective. There are similarities between both transformational and renaissance styles (Ewens, 2002) although this type of leadership is less likely to delegate in a way that empowers the workforce. The focus is that of building collaborative structures and networks to effect change 2. Defining the task: Focus on an objective that is SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely). Adaptive leadership for health care sector A new kind of leadership is needed for health care. It is both figuring out why the current approaches aren’t sufficient and surfacing how the forces at play in the system allow incremental efforts or the status quo to carry the day. It takes courage to identify the tough issues and create change, even when you are uncertain about the outcome. The adaptive nature of the challenges in health care demands that people see themselves as orchestrating conflict rather than resolving it, holding the attention of others to the harder issues rather than taking the burden off of their shoulders, confronting dearly-held legacy behaviors that prevent deep change from taking root rather than tolerating them, identifying and then letting go of values and behaviors that are getting in the way, and making your own adaptations. Currently Practiced Currently Needed Rely on tradition and past approaches Launch many experiments identify emerging solutions Implement Best Practice Create â€Å"Next Practice†Overcoming Competing Commitments For people in senior authority, this type of leadership is different than what people expect You can develop these skills and apply them to a variety of adaptive challenges. Adaptation is more than surviving; it is about mobilizing people and creating environments that are more robust and resilient, environments for people to thrive. With the right focus, you can engage people in adaptive work and nurture the new DNA that will promote wellness and healing that brings your organization into the future Q.No.5. What are the indicators which tell you about the HRD climate in a healthcare centre? Ans 5. HRD stands for Human Resources Development in a business or an organization. Climate meant the atmosphere in the company, especially a supportive atmosphere that allows staff members to develop their skills for the benefit of the company. Management Indicators Ideally, HR and other management indicators are constructed from generally available data and describe constituents of organisational activity, namely inputs, processes and outputs. It is this data that managers use in monitoring and as a basis for decision making. The indicators are usually created by linking two separate pieces of data to form a ratio. The indicators literally provide an indication of the relative state of key determinants of efficiency and effectiveness in comparison to norms of organisational activity. These norms may be derived from: external comparisons with other similar organisations; internal comparisons with the previous performance of the organisation; comparisons with some pre-determined standard. Indicators of HRD Climate in Health sector Indicators can be developed to examine all the different elements of organisational performance.The four main elements of performance which require management attention are illustrated here using indicators focused on HR aspects: †¢ Inputs: this covers the resources introduced into the health system. Human resources account for the majority of health service costs and are therefore the most significant input. In making comparisons between health system units or over time it is useful to be able to look at measures such as: -relative proportions of different staff types and grades; -staff costs in relation to the total health service expenditure; numbers of staff relative to the local population. †¢ Processes: This looks at how the health service works as an organisation. In the HR dimension, process issues include organisational environment in which people work and the effect this might have on their performance, as well as more direct measures of HR efficiency with respect to the way the HR resources are used. Thus * staff turnover rates; the actual to planned staff ratio; the ratio of new staff recruited to new staff trained all give an indication of the quality of the organisational environment. * Bed occupancy rates to staff employed, on the other hand, provide a more direct relationship between HR and other resources inputs in the health care process. †¢ Outcomes: These are the products of the organisation. This is particularly difficult to measure in health service systems as there is little agreement on ways of measuring health outcomes (ie. the change in health status for a person having been in the health care system). Usually the best that can be managed are proxy measures such as overall population mortality rates to staff employed. †¢ Outputs: Outcomes are often expressed in so-called â€Å"intermediate† output measures such as the number of patients treated. This data can be more easily measured, but does not give an accurate picture of how health status is affected. Typical HR output measures could include: * the number of nurses per thousand clinic attendances; * trained nurses/ midwives per 1000 live births. Peters and Waterman (6) identify the 7Ss strategy, structure, skills, style of management, systems, staff, shared values as key interrelated factors determining the performance of an organisation. The HR elements in this (staff, skills, shared values and structure) can be expected to play a significant role in changing organisational performance. The most common words used to assess the impact of these related elements are efficiency, effectiveness and quality.

Legal Recognition of Unmarried Couples

Legal Recognition of Unmarried Couples

Success From Creatine :: essays research papers

Success From Creatine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people in athletics avoid using creatine monohydrate because they do not know much about it. They are convinced that something that can help athletes achieve such great results cannot be good for the body. This is not true if the supplement is taken correctly. Creatine is an excellent supplement. It is one of the only products on the market that has been proven to significantly enhance athletic performance in the areas of power, strength, and muscle mass. Creatine makes muscle cells retain water, then flushes out acid buildup when the muscles are used. This hydration process increases the amount of work individual cells can do and also aids in the recovery of muscle cells. Many people believe creatine supplements should be treated the same as steroids and banned from all sports. They assume creatine is not natural, harmful to the body and unfair in athletic competition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often, it is said that creatine supplements are unnatural. Nothing could be further from the truth. Most people do not realize the human body produces creatine. It is an amino acid made in the liver and stored in muscles. It can also be obtained by certain foods in the diet. Milk, steak, and fish are the best sources of creatine. The daily recommended minimal dosage of this amino acid is about two grams. If dietary creatine is increased, it will augment the amount of stored creatine which will help athletic performance. Without the correct amount of any of the twenty amino acids, the body will not function to its fullest potential.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although scientists have known of creatine for over one hundred years, studies on it have only been going on for the last decade. They have found it to be virtually harmless with very few drawbacks in their research. The most significant being abuse of the supplement. One example of this is to consume too much over a long period of time. Some researchers fear that this could make the body stop producing creatine, then the body would rely only on the supplement. This is why creatine supplements should be taken in cycles. Another form of abuse is to ingest too much at one time. It is hard for the body to breakdown the granular substance, but if plenty of water is consumed this should not be a problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people believe that creatine supplements give athletes an unfair advantage and compare them to steroids. These supplements are most definitely an advantage, but not unfair. Even though the supplement may have similar results to steroids, it is only an Success From Creatine :: essays research papers Success From Creatine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people in athletics avoid using creatine monohydrate because they do not know much about it. They are convinced that something that can help athletes achieve such great results cannot be good for the body. This is not true if the supplement is taken correctly. Creatine is an excellent supplement. It is one of the only products on the market that has been proven to significantly enhance athletic performance in the areas of power, strength, and muscle mass. Creatine makes muscle cells retain water, then flushes out acid buildup when the muscles are used. This hydration process increases the amount of work individual cells can do and also aids in the recovery of muscle cells. Many people believe creatine supplements should be treated the same as steroids and banned from all sports. They assume creatine is not natural, harmful to the body and unfair in athletic competition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often, it is said that creatine supplements are unnatural. Nothing could be further from the truth. Most people do not realize the human body produces creatine. It is an amino acid made in the liver and stored in muscles. It can also be obtained by certain foods in the diet. Milk, steak, and fish are the best sources of creatine. The daily recommended minimal dosage of this amino acid is about two grams. If dietary creatine is increased, it will augment the amount of stored creatine which will help athletic performance. Without the correct amount of any of the twenty amino acids, the body will not function to its fullest potential.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although scientists have known of creatine for over one hundred years, studies on it have only been going on for the last decade. They have found it to be virtually harmless with very few drawbacks in their research. The most significant being abuse of the supplement. One example of this is to consume too much over a long period of time. Some researchers fear that this could make the body stop producing creatine, then the body would rely only on the supplement. This is why creatine supplements should be taken in cycles. Another form of abuse is to ingest too much at one time. It is hard for the body to breakdown the granular substance, but if plenty of water is consumed this should not be a problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people believe that creatine supplements give athletes an unfair advantage and compare them to steroids. These supplements are most definitely an advantage, but not unfair. Even though the supplement may have similar results to steroids, it is only an

Binge Drinking On Americas Campuses Essay -- Binge Drinking College A

Binge Drinking on America's Campuses On any Friday or Saturday night, the average college student is usually drinking, dancing and out having fun. They typically party with friends at fraternity parties, bars, and clubs; and unfortunately most of these students are underage, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol or 'Binge Drinking'. Binge drinking results in several detrimental outcomes, some are even fatal. Today this type of drinking is rampant on educational campuses everywhere. Large and small, urban and rural educational institutions are not left unaffected by this growing trend to binge drink.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Binge drinking is defined as "the consumption of five or more drinks, in a row, on at least one occasion" (NCADI). Several surveys announce that about 1/3rd of high school seniors and 42 percent of college students binge drink on a regular basis(NCADI). Figures such as these are extremely upsetting because one expects institutions of higher learning to be the breeding ground for new leaders and innovative thinkers. Unfortunately, these statistics only make educational campuses appear, as if, everything is a party, much like National Lampoon's Animal House. Animal House is a 1980's movie dedicated to displaying college life and the experience in a college fraternity; it constantly depicted students binge drinking. Harvard University's School of Public Health conducted a College Alcohol study, surveying students at more than 119 colleges. Of those surveyed, 44 percent admitted to having engaged in binge drinking at least once in the two weeks prior to the survey (Booze News). Researchers discovered that white students, age 23 or younger, and members of a fraternity or sorority, on average are more likely to binge drink (Booze News). They also noted that students who were binge drinkers in high school, were three times more likely to binge drink in college (Booze News). "The percentage of students who are binge drinkers is nearly uniform from freshman year to senior year, and over half of the binge drinkers were frequent binge drinkers" (Booze News). Binge drinking has been associated with several alcohol-related problems. The Harvard survey also notes that "a higher percentage of binge drinkers than non-binge drinkers reported having experienced alcohol-related problems, since the beginning of the school year" (Booze News). Frequent bing... .... http://www.health.org/govpubs/phd627/binge.htm ?Booze News Fact Sheet: BINGE DRINKING ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES.? Booze News Newsletter. February 2,1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cspinet.org/booze/collfact.htm Bormann, Carol A. and Stone, Michael H. ?The Effects of Eliminating Alcohol in a College Stadium: The Folsom Field Beer Ban(University of Colorado at Boulder).? Journal of American College Health, Sept 2001 v50 i2 p81. Brick, John. ?Alcohol Poisoning.? A publication of Intoxikon International. AOL Online. http://members.aol.com/intoxikon/alcohol.poisoning.html Buurma, Christine. ?U. Michigan student's death shows risk of binge drinking.? The Cavalier Daily Online Edition. November 16, 2000. http://www.cavalierdaily.com/Cvarticle.asp?ID=6604&Date=11/16/2000&Keyword=binge+drinking   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Durand, Maria F. ?A Major Turning Point: MIT Case Causes Repercussions Throughout Nation.? ABC News Online. September 18, 2000. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/mit000915.html ?Media Project Launched to Combat College Binge Drinking.? Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI). November 20, 1997. http://www.cspinet.org/new/aluncorn.htm

Life as a Gangster

Seneca College EAC 149 Assignment #6:Oral Presentation Presentation Dates:November 27th, 29th, December 4th, 6th, 2012 Value:5% Task: A Take-home Essay-Presentation In preparation for developing the topic, based on the given Quote, you should come to a greater understanding of why some issues are possible in our lives, and support your points of view with specific examples; the media and the Internet. ? Each student is responsible for composing a critical essay on the given topic and preparing an outline for the audience. Each student presents verbally a critical essay on the selected topic to the class. ? Each presentation is based on the rhetorical modes from The Canadian Writer’s World. Paragraphs and Essays. By Lynne Gaetz, Suneeti Phadke, Rhonda Sandberg that we have or have not discussed in class. ? Each presentation must be manageable within the time span of 15 minutes. Guidelines: ? Read the quote carefully and reflect on it; brainstorm the ideas; analyze the rhetorica l mode this quote refers to, in order to help yourself in your own development of the topic. Create your well-organized, logically-unified and critically-supported composition. ? Organize your essay-presentation of approx. 500-words in the form of a thesis to be clearly stated and developed, specific examples to be appropriate and clearly theorized; conclusion to be clearly controlled; flowing together, with good transitions; succinct but not choppy, well-organized. ? Prepare your presentation very well in order to enhance the appeal and effectiveness of your talk; with good posture and eye contact; enthusiasm, and confidence. Present information on the topic in logical sequence; clear articulation; proper volume; steady rate. ? Wrap up your presentation with (a) provocative question(s) to encourage the audience interest for making your argument impressive and interactive. EAC149 Oral Presentations, November 27th, 29th, December 4th, 6th, 2012 Value – 5%, based on the textboo k: The Canadian Writer’s World. Paragraphs and Essays by L. Gaetz, S. Phadke, R. Sandberg Wk |Date |Patterns of Essay Development |Names of Students | |13 |Nov 27 | | | | |2012 | | | | | |Reflect on M. Atwood’s quotation. Is everything done on purpose in our life? Why or |1. ANTHONY, KITO | | | |why not?Explain your argument. p. 59 | | | | |Reflect on N. Mandela’s quotation. Do we need to create difficulties to overcome in |2. DAVIS, JAVEL | | | |our life? Why or why not? Explain your argument. p. 209 | | | | |Reflect on D. Lessing’s quotation. Is enthusiasm a necessary attribute in our life? |3. BARILLARI, AMANDA | | | |Why or why not?Explain your argument. p. 218 | | |13 |Nov 29 |Reflect on L. Yutang’s quotation. Do we, human beings, need to be always busy? Why or |4. GUSAIN, LUCKVINDER | | |2012 |why not? Explain your argument. p. 223 | | | | |Reflect on D. Hartog’s quotation. Is it necessary to see a bit farther than your nose? |5. FADA EI HOSSEINI, MEHRSHAD | | | |Why or why not?Explain your argument. p. 227 | | | | |Reflect on Voltaire’s quotation. Should work be a necessity for a human being? Why or |6. MEJIA, JENNIFER | | | |why not? Explain your argument. p. 232 | | | | |Reflect on I. Gandhi’s quotation. Is it necessary to prove what you are constantly? |7. LO, JOSEPH | | | |Why or why not?Explain your argument. p. 236 | | |14 |Dec 4 2012 |Reflect on H. Hesse’s quotation. Do you agree or disagree with it? Why or why not? |8. LEROUX, ALISA | | | |Explain your argument. p. 179 | | | | |Reflect on J. Russell’s quotation. Do you agree or disagree with it? Elaborate on your|9. YOUSEF, AHMAD | | | |answer. p. 07 | | | | |Reflect on C. Shields’s quotation. Do you agree or disagree with it? Why or why not? |10. AGGRAWAL, RAHUL | | | |Explain your argument. p. 151 | | | | |Reflect on Dr. M. L. King’s Jr. quotation. Do you agree or disagree with it? Elaborate|11. BROWN, JEVOY | | | |on your answer. . 245 | | | | |Reflect on the C. Gray’s quotation. What is his deeper meaning? Do you agree with her? |12. CORMIER, ERIC | | | |Why or why not? | | | | |p. 245 | | |14 |Dec 6 2012 |Reflect on M. Cho’s quotation. Do you agree or disagree with it? Why or why not? |13.MAQSUDI, SHAHIM | | | |Explain your argument. p. 240 | | | | |Reflect on B. Russell’s quotation. Do you agree or disagree with it? Elaborate on your|14. LEE, ANDREW | | | |answer? p. 240 | | | | |Reflect on King Edward’s VIII quotation. Do you agree or disagree with it? Elaborate |15. HESS, APRIL | | | |on your answer? . 245 | | | | |Reflect on Aristotle’s quotation. Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not? Explain |16. LAM, JOHNATHAN | | | |your argument. | | | | |p. 240 | | Criteria for Presentation Organization-thesis (clear & insightful main point) -body and conclusion 2 marks-coherent and integrated ideas Development /Support-critical thinking -fluency ? 2 marks-flow -clear logic -insightful analysis Communication-manner of speaking (audible to everyone) -facial gestures ? 2 marks-volume/timing (too short, too long) -presentation skills -verbal /nonverbal skills -eye contact & body language Clarity of -appropriateness of presentation Expression-quality of presentation -effective phraseology ? 2 marks -making clear & effective transitions Enunciation-diction (understandable speech) -articulation (appropriate voice) ? 2 marks-expression (effective vocabulary) elocution (voice production) -pronunciation (clear intonation) EFFECTIVE SPEAKING HINTS FROM TOASTMASTERS Feeling some nervousness before giving a speech is natural and healthy. It shows you care about doing well. But, too much nervousness can be detrimental. Here is how you can control your nervousness and make effective, memorable presentation: Know the room. Be familiar with the place in which you will speak. Arrive early; walk around the speaking area and practice using any vis ual aids. Read your speech out loud to yourself – alone. Know the audience. Greet some of the audience as they arrive.It’s easier to speak to a group of friends than to a group of strangers. Know your material. If you are not familiar with your material or are uncomfortable with it, your nervousness will increase. Practice your speech and revise if it is necessary. Pay attention to the way you feel when you read your speech. Is your speech easy to follow? Visualize yourself giving your speech. Imagine yourself speaking, your voice loud, clear, and assured. When you visualize yourself as successful, you will be successful. Realize that people want you to succeed. Audiences want you to be interesting, stimulating, informative, and entertaining.They don’t want you to fail. Don’t apologize. If you mention your nervousness or apologize for any problems you think you have with your speech, you may be calling the audience’s attention to something they hav en’t noticed. Keep silent. Concentrate on the message – not the medium. Focus your attention away from your own anxieties, and outwardly toward your message and your audience. Your nervousness will dissipate. Gain experience. Experience builds confidence, which is the key to effective speaking. _______________________________________ The page is created and maintained by Yan Sun

Discuss attitudes towards food and/or eating behaviour (24 marks) Essay

There are many explanations for the different attitudes of food and eating behaviour. One of the main explanations is social learning theory. This emphasises the impact of observing other people on our attitudes and behaviour. In terms of parental modelling, it is suggested that children can acquire their attitudes towards food by observing the behaviour of their parents. This is because the children are observing their parents eating patterns and therefore the parents are acting as eating role models. Children will notice that their parents are rewarded when they enjoy certain foods. The children will then imitate these eating behaviours as they will expect to get rewarded by doing so. Social learning theory therefore expresses the fact that children their food preferences as a result of vicarious reinforcement. As expected, there is a significant correlation between the diets of parents and their children. Brown and Ogden reported consistent correlations between parents and their children in terms of snack-food intake, eating motivations and body dissatisfaction. This is support for social learning theory because it is showing that observation in the home during childhood is a significant factor in determining eating behaviour and food attitudes. As well as this, in an experiment carried out by Duncker (1938), children observed a series of role models making food choices different to their own such as: their mother, a friend, an unknown adult and a fictional hero. The findings showed that all the role models had an impact on the children’s subsequent food choices except the unknown adult. Therefore children are more likely to sample unfamiliar foods after they have seen a significant role model (particularly their mother rather than a stranger) eat the food. This therefore supports the social learning theory explanation because it shows that parental attitudes and behaviour is especially an essential part of the social learning process of food choice and eating behaviour. Media is another factor that has an influence on our attitudes and behaviour towards food. The role of social learning is evident in the impact of media because throughout childhood, children are exposed to widespread food advertising on television to make food seem more attractive. This exposure can be effective in developing preferences, but unfortunately it can have negative effects because the advertised food tends to be high in fat and carbohydrates which can contribute to problems such as child obesity. Children observe role models in the media and due to vicarious reinforcement; they are often motivated to imitate the behaviour that they see. This means that advertisements involving food as well as role models are definitely powerful in shaping people’s food preferences. The role of social learning through media effects is supported in a study by MacIntyre et al. , who found that the media has a major impact both on what we eat, and our attitudes to certain foods. When evaluating social learning as an explanation of attitudes to food and eating behaviour, there is quite a lot of research support. The importance of social learning in attitudes towards food was demonstrated by Meyer and Gast. They surveyed 10-12 year old girls and boys and found a significant positive correlation between peer influences and disordered eating. The ‘likeability’ of peers was considered to be the most important factor in this relationship. However, this study shows that eating behaviour can be learned through alternative role models other than just our parents. Even though this study shows support, there are still issues with the theory and research into social learning as an explanation of attitudes and eating behaviour. For example, most studies and research support use correlations as their main evidence. Although these correlations allow us to study links between variables, they do not prove that one variable causes the other (e. g. media causes disordered eating). There may be other, extraneous variables that can explain why the co-variables being studied are linked. These studies may therefore lack in internal/external validity. As well as this, the social learning explanation has been criticised for ignoring other factors that have influenced attitudes to food and eating behaviour. It has been recognised that attitudes towards food are clearly a product of much more than social learning alone. For example, evolutionary explanations of food preferences suggest that our liking of fatty and sweet food is a direct result of an evolved adaptation among our distant ancestors over 2 million years ago. Therefore, we may not be able to completely rely on findings based on social learning theory as there could be many other factors that are contributing to our eating behaviour. Another explanation for our attitudes to food and eating behaviour is our mood. Low mood can often result in comfort eating, and low mood also seems to influence binge eating behaviour. Davis et al (1988) showed that low mood often preceded binge eating in bulimics. The same seems to apply in those with no known eating disorder. Students were asked to record their mood and eating habits over a two week period. Days that included binge eating tended also to be days of low mood, but significantly, binge eating did nothing to improve mood afterwards. So although we may binge when down it seems to do little to make us feel better. This influence of mood on our eating behaviours is supported by Garg et al. who conducted a study that focused on the impact of different films on mood and therefore eating behaviour. They observed food choices of 38 participants as they watched either an upbeat, funny film or a sad, depressing one. Participants were offered buttered popcorn and seedless grapes throughout the films. They found that those watching the sad film consumed 36% more popcorn than those watching the upbeat film, but the upbeat film group ate a lot more grapes. Garg et al. concluded that people who feel sad or depressed are more likely to go for a snack that tastes good in order to escape their negative mood. Happy people want to extend their upbeat mood and so choose to eat healthier foods. Even though there is support for mood influencing our eating behaviour, it is unclear why a binge-eating episode as a result of low mood is reinforcing for the individual, especially as any benefit appears to be brief at best. Many studies have also reported a mood decrement in individuals immediately after their binge. In terms of IDA, gender bias is an issue with most studies focusing on attitudes towards food and eating behaviour. These studies mainly focus on only women’s attitudes to eating behaviour, particularly in terms of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. However, a large number of studies have also shown that in men, homosexuality is a risk factor in development of disordered eating attitudes and levels of dieting. This suggests that studies that concentrate only on women offer a limited view of attitudes of food and eating behaviour and their findings will not be reliable if they were to be generalised to the population as a whole.

Causes and Effects of the Romantic Period Essay

Romanticism has very little to do with things popularly thought of as â€Å"romantic,† although love may occasionally be the subject of romantic art. Rather, it is an international artistic and philosophical movement that redefined the fundamental ways in Western cultures thought about themselves and about their world (Melani). In the early seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the enlightment, reason, revolution, age of science and technology created a history that could not be compared to any other time. Political, scientific, social and philosophical upheavals were a new part of an improved world. The romantic period was bought to England through these events which created a whole new world. The romantic period in England began in the early 17th century; Historians argued over the end of the period. The literature of this time is now considered to have lasted into the 1870’s. There are many major concepts that created the ideas written about by writers of the romantic period (Horst). The imagination was elevated to a position as the supreme faculty of the mind (Melani). The Romantics labeled imagination as creativity. It created a new way of art feeling and reasoning. Humans began to see the world with a different appearance. â€Å"Nature† meant many things to the Romantics (Melani). Nature was used as meditation in romantic poetry; it was itself in art. Nature was not viewed as science but as organically unified whole. Symbolism and myth were given great prominence in the Romantic conception of the art (Melani). In the period of Romanticism humans believed symbolism made their art more meaningful. Myth was brought by symbol through the language in art. Other aspects of Romanticism were intertwined with the above three concepts (Melani). Imagination brought importance to feeling and greater attention to the self view in art. Literary history turned poetry into powerful emotions. In Romantic theory, art was valuable for what one saw in them not for what the world viewed. Consequently, the romantics sought to define their goals through systematic contrast with norms of â€Å"Versailles neoclassicism† (Melani). Music changed the behavior of human characteristics and individual activities. People viewed themselves different than others. No one wanted to be alike and they expressed it. The Romantics asserted the  importance of the in individual, the unique, even the eccentric (Melani). Religion was forced but during the romantic period people began to reject it and instead chose their own way of life. The attitude of many of the romantics to the everyday, social world around them was complex. They used colors that were always seen but as techniques advanced, so did their colors. Their art form was not based off legends anymore but off their common language. The Romantics were ambivalent towards the â€Å"real† social world around them (Melani). Artist began to pull themselves away from the public. Through their own emotions they intercepted finally it should be noted that the revolutionary energy underlying the Romantic Movement affected not just literature, but all of the arts – – from music (consider the rise of Romantic opera) to painting, from sculpture to architecture (Melani). The different types of arts that grew during this period spr ead to the rest of the world. The Atlantic side manifested the great landscape painters. The American Revolution, between 1775-1783, was the first war fought for the â€Å"Rights of Men.† It was ideas expressed in the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† and the â€Å"Constitution† that explains the â€Å"Enlightened† ideas why revolutions are sometimes necessary (Horst). Based on these new  thoughts a nation was built. The first of these ideas was that â€Å"All men are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Locke). The government was created with only the power that the people in the state give it. During the American Revolution the sugar act, stamp act, and tea act were created. The sugar imported from West Indies was increased. Many items and documents required stamps; price was rosin for the colonies to pay defense. In Boston Harbor colonist dressed as Indians dumped tea over board from three ships. The French Revolution was the product of social, economic, and religious political conditions. The social cause of the French revolution was that the hard working class had to give the money they earned to finance the foreign wars. The working class was also the treasury that repaid the nations debt. The working class created the oppressive rule of the monarchist regime. It was successful in helping France from foreign invaders but it was unfair to the general public. The economic cause of the French Revolution was that basic necessities and bread prices were taxed very high for the working class so that they can keep the finance government running. Religion was a big role in the French Revolution. During this time, the nobles and priest who took power over the people to maintain their nobility distorted the principles of Christianity. As a result, religion was blamed for their injustice and was seen as one of the causes that led to the revolt. Society divided into segments. People were told that if they were not in the working class they were a part of the nobles and clergy literature. There was no freedom of speech which affected the nature of literature in expression. Literature at this time was quite restrained. The nobles and the clergy had all the literature material. Art and literature began to take a new turn when the spirit of the revolution caught the nation. Writers at the time were waiting for the right moment to unleash their work. Under a new law the artists and writers were given an amount of freedom to express themselves. The Industrial Revolution created a new world. During this time new technology was created; women and children worked the machinery. Later, children were given an opportunity to childhood. As an escape of the industrial revolution, romantic writes wrote about feelings, dreams, and fairytales. Romanticism determined the real art in literature, music, and visual expression. The romantic period created a new era for England. Literature such as poetry was expressed with feeling. Art was viewed with different ideas and new colors. Creators used imagination through the beauty of nature. Things began to evolve which created a whole new. Essay on Author’s Life, Work and Criticisms Mary Wollstonecraft lived a remarkable life. She â€Å"left her footprints on the stand of time† (Footprints). Wollstonecraft was one of the first advocates for the equal rights for women. Her life spanned the early years of the Age of Revolutions. Mary, born into a wealthy family, was raised with an education only offered to the most important families. Her intellectual, social and inquisitive mind would make her one of the most influential authors in English literature (Horst). Her life, work, and criticism formed the ideas she persuaded in her most famous pieces of writing, â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights to Woman.† Wollstonecraft was born in London in 1759. When she was nineteen she left home and began her own life. Later, Wollstonecraft installed a school at Newington Green. In 1787 she started her literary career. She was hired as a translator and literary advisor for Joseph Johnson. Wollstonecraft became a regular contributor of articles once Johnson’s Analytical Revolution was out. In 1791 two events took place that promoted Wollstonecraft to write her A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Cengage). The new French Constitution and the report on education assist her on writing â€Å"A Vindication  of the Rights of Woman.† She dedicated the beginning part of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman to Tallyerand-Perigord asking him to rethink his ideas about education for woman. Wollstonecraft wrote to many other people standing up for the value of woman and their rights. She felt that they shouldn’t just be viewed as a hopeless houses wife but as an individual willing to succeed in civilized work. In â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman† Wollstonecraft talks a great deal about power – in terms of the statuesque, in regards to women to have power not over men but over themselves (Cengage). â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman† was much acclaimed in radical political circles when it was published, but it also attracted considerable hostility (Cengage). For most of the ninetieth century the book was ignored. It was said to be to a disgrace. In the late twentieth century Wollstonecraft’s treatise was founded as the work of feminism. The author’s attitudes towards the subjects in her book made her book foundational feminist text. Horace Walpole called Wollstonecraft a hyena in petticoats because her work on the book had scandalous reputation. Mary Wollstonecraft was a remarkable woman. She wrote a book called â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman† to help people view women differently. Although authors did not like the subjects in her book it help give the sport to women in the world today. â€Å"I was born for something greater than I was – – and greater I would become, but greatness at last to my distorted perceptions, was no necessary associate of goodness, and my wild thoughts were unchecked by moral considerations when they rioted in dreams of distinction.† (Shelly). Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was a feminist only insofar as she followed her mother’s ideas about unrestricted education for woman and equality with in a marriage (victorianweb). She wrote â€Å"Frankenstein† and became known as one of the most important authors in the early 1800’s. She struggled through most of her life but it never stopped her from being one of the famous authors in literature. Her life, work and criticism help form her structure in writing. Mary was born August 30, 1791 and died in the year of 1851. Mary was raised by her step mother and her father. The step mom did not want her show any of her mother’s principles. Mary didn’t like her step mother because she saw what her mother had not been. Mary was taught to read and write at home. She was encouraged by her father to use her imagination. She started scribbling at a young age. She used her father’s  library and sat quietly listening to her father’s discussions over political, philosophical, scientific, and literary things. Later she reunited with her mother in London but her father found out and forbidden her from seeing her mother. Mary’s first baby was born February 22, 1815 and died two week later. She than gave birth to two other kids. Mary Shelley’s novel called â€Å"Frankenstein† also known as â€Å"The Modern Prometheus† was published in March 1818. She started writing this novel at the age of nineteen. The novel opens up with a letter. Robert Walton sends a letter to his sister in England. In the first part of this novel Victor tells his story. He talks about his childhood and his sister. He gives some information on his education but mostly about what he has been though and how much he loves his sister. Laura Claridge says that she created Frankenstein based off of her troubles in family relationships. She says that Victor was created off being neglected in childhood but Shelley says he is nurturing and warm with family. She says that the story is supported well. The theme to her was based off of connections to Shelley’s own life story just in a different way and setting. Over all the story had viewed Shelley as a victim as being neglected which might have affected her in the long run but helped her create a well written story. Mary Shelley created a great novel. Even though lots of things that accrued during her life time affected her she didn’t let that stop her from expressing in literature. She became a great writer though the work of her mother. Essay of Analysis’s of both Author’s Work Mary Wollstonecraft wrote â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights to Woman† to help give women the right to be seen as more than the one who cares for the home. She didn’t like the idea of not letting women be involved in education. She didn’t think it was fair she wanted them to be treated equally. Women could be more than what they were seen to do because they had no one to speck up for them Mary Wollstonecraft did what she though what was best and wrote a book that would be remembered for life. Her novel includes hyperbole, symbol, and repetition as her literary devices. Mary Wollstonecraft used hyperbole as a one of her many literary devices. One of the themes that she used to provide this literary device was liberalism. Liberalism rests on description between the public and private spheres, maintaining that the state guarantees rights and leaves families to make their own choices (Phelan P.3). Mary Wollstonecraft didn’t want property to be undesirable she just wanted woman to be financially independent instead of always have to wait for everything through their husband and be stuck at home. Symbol is also a part of this theme. Her symbol was women. She didn’t want women to have all the power in the world. She wanted them to be viewed equal. To her men only viewed them as â€Å"innocent, delicate, feminine, and beautiful† of courses women are truth to this factor but they weren’t seen for what they could do if they had the chance. (Phelan P.1). The two themes that were tied into repetition are education reform and the need for a revolution in female manners. In chapter three, Wollstonecraft writes, â€Å"It is time to effect a revolution in the female manners – time to restore to them their lost dignity – and make them, as a part of the human species, labour by reforming themselves to reform the world. It is time to separate unchangeable morals for local manners.† (Phelan P.2). In chapter thirteen she says again that women should be more involved in the mankind world everything has a value and women are as important as man. To her education was a great value. Education reform one of the themes in her novel also used repetition. Education wasn’t set to be for just men it was also be for women. She wanted boys and girls to be in a class room setting together she knew that girls and boys could both be taught the same things. Liberalism used hyperbole, symbol, and repetition. Wollstonecraft didn’t wont women to be labeled. She wanted girls to know that they weren’t created to be more or less then guys they were to be equal. Education was to key to success for women. She wrote the book hoping to let everyone know that no matter what gender you are you were always meant to be treated the same with all equal right and liberties. Her book opened the eyes of many people. Wollstonecraft had hyperbole, symbol, and repetition as her literary devices included in her novel. Women are not just a piece of art for men to view. If they were given a chance they could do more than men. Every in this world was created equal. With this mind setting later viewed things changed and gave women the chance to vote and be involved in more things than just being stuck at home. Marry Shelley’s story â€Å"Frankenstein† is about a man who created a creature that frightened everyone including himself. The book was and still  is a story that everyone is amazed by because of its imagination. She wrote Frankenstein in the summer of 1816 and later anonymously published in 1818; she had been inspired from all the things that occurred in her family. Marry Shelley included symbolism, imagery, and tone to create Frankenstein. Marry used light as a symbol for knowledge. Walton explains the secret of the universe to be unveiled in the North Pole which he describes as â€Å"a country of eternal lights (litchart). In the book, Victor feels like he accomplished something when â€Å"a light had broken upon him† there for again using light as a symbol of knowledge. Marry also uses fire; fire was the one thing a person wasn’t supposed to have according to Greek mythology because it was something that only belonged to the Gods. He was punished for â€Å"playing God† when making the creature. His family was singled out and killed it was a similar way of prolonged torture. Fire appears throughout the novel as a dangerous focused used for sustenance and punishment (litchart). Mary Shelley uses a lot of descriptive words in telling the story. She uses imagery throughout her whole story. She tells the story in a way where we can see it all that happening. Victor is the narrator in the story; he’s telling the story whole story to Walton. The way it is described creates suspense for the reader. If Mary Shelley didn’t use imagery in her book we wouldn’t be able to imagine the characters. The tone used in her story varies through what’s going on in the book. The tones that the story has are romantic, gothic, tragic, and fatalistic; all these tones are what help create a great story like Frankenstein. Romantic tone is used as an affect to nature. The story ties into begin gothic because of all the supernatural and creepy events that happen throughout the novel. Sadness is how the tragic tone is part of the story because people loose their loved ones. The biggest tragedy is the monster has no outlet for his feeling of benevolence towar ds humanity (shmoop). A sense of fatalism is used in the novel when people seem to be predestined; one single act sets them in motion. Mary was able to create a wonderful story because of those literary devices. With her wild and creative imagination she was able to fascinate us. Mary refers to light by using fire for symbolism; she uses descriptive words to create imagery and different tones to help put feeling in her book. Brief Conclusion Summarizing all the Ideas of the Paper The Romantic Period was of great help to England. It created know ways of expression in literature. Mary Wollstonecraft and her daughter Escobar 15 became great writers thanks to the changes that happened in the Romantic Period. Marry Wollstonecraft who wrote â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights to Woman† was of great help to us women. Thanks to her novel we were able to be seen an equal individual with the right to work, vote, and receive an education to became some one in life. She used literacy devices to help her create her novel. Marry Shelley became a great writer as well thanks to her mother. She wrote â€Å"Frankenstein† a novel that is still used today. She had good imagination and created her novel. Literature experience changes during the Romantic period which help create great novels in to day’s life. Work Cited Page(s) â€Å"A Biographical Sketch of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley† 24 Jan. 2003 http://www.victorian.web.org/previctorian/mshelley/bio.html â€Å"British Critic Review of Frankenstein† March 1818 http://www.rc.ud.edu/refrence â€Å"How did the industrial revolution affect the literature of the romantic period?† http://answer.yahoo.com/index?qid=20090327121140AA4FG â€Å"Frankenstein Summary† 22 Feb. 2012 http://www.encotes.com/frankenstein Escobar 16 â€Å"Frankenstein Study Guide – Mary Shelley – eNotes.com† 22 Feb. 2012 http://www.enotes.com/frankenstein â€Å"Interesting Facts & Information: Recent Articles.† http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/fance/causes-of-the-freanch- revolution/1044 7 March 2012 â€Å"Introduction: Mary Shelley Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Criticism.† 22 Feb. 2012 http://www.enotes.com â€Å"Presentation of Criticism of Frankenstein† www.peoetsform.com/papers/200_4.html Cengage, Gale. â€Å"Marry Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Criticism.† http://www.enotes.com/vindication-rights Woman-criticism/vindication-rights-woman-mar†¦ 22 March 2012 Horst,Suzanne. â€Å"How to Write Cause and Effect.† Tolleson Union High School. 5 March 2012. Leture Lombardi, Esther. â€Å"Romantic Period Where Did It All Begin?’’ About.com 9 Feb. 2012. Print. Martin, Kelly. Social Contract.† American History: About.com 27 Feb. 2012 Escobar 17 Phelan, Renee â€Å"Literary Summary: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, By Marry Wollstonecraft† http://reviews.wikinut.com Shelley, Mary. â€Å"Sites about Frankenstein: or, the Modern Prometheus† 22 March 2012 http://www.ipl.org/div/litrit.out.pl?ti=fra63 Scott, Walter. â€Å"Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine of Frankenstein, 1818† 20 March – 1 April 1818 http://www.rc.und.edu/refrences/chronologies/mshronology/reviews/ bemrev.html

Vertical Integration in Business Organisations

Vertical Integration in Business Organisations Introduction Business organisations exist to make profits. Most business organisations sell their products using distributors or dealers who are well known to the organisations. The existence of these organisations is founded on offering consumer-oriented products to drive sales.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vertical Integration in Business Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Products created by the organisations can be raw materials, intermediate items or finished goods. The product creation process often targets a particular group or groups of the population. The buying potential of these groups determines the extent to which a certain product is manufactured. Consequently, the production process is driven by the demand for that item. The manufacture of various products requires varying inputs, which vary from one organisation to another. The complexity of the materials used in the production process is also dependent on the nature of the commodity produced because certain items require more inputs than others. However, the quantities of inputs for the manufacturing process can be regulated by the manufacturers. In addition, the nature of a product determines how the final product is marketed. Consequently, a single product can be manufactured partially or wholly by a particular company. Frequently, companies produce certain products after a thorough evaluation of their capacity to produce a product at ease. Additionally, the cost of production is also put into consideration. Therefore, the company only sets out to produce a certain item if its production is cost effective to the company. Risky ventures or processes that are costly to the company are often foregone. However, it is possible for a company to engage in the creation of raw materials and marketing provided that the company has enough resources to invest. Such a move is what gives rise to company integration as a comp any becomes its own input producer, processor or manufacturer. The company also markets its products in company integration. When a company realizes such achievements, it is said to be vertically integrated. The process of vertical integration is often gradual because a company begins with the units of production that are easy to put together using various methods.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Vertical integration company case Coca-Cola Company Vertical integration entails a company’s involvement in activities that allow it to control the inputs and outputs. Companies achieve this through employing various production techniques aimed at eliminating input suppliers and output distributors. Companies that are vertically integrated produce products from their basic forms to the consumption stage. These companies are capable of exploiting consumers because t hey control the output entirely. The process of vertical integration is long-term and is mainly achieved after some time if the company operates on a large scale (Joskow 2005). Input production during the integration process involves the company venturing into the production of raw materials. Companies making soft drinks may, for instance, venture in bottling of drinks to reduce the cost of production. The inputs for this process are customised to suit the special needs of the company during the bottling process. It is also possible to determine the required units for processing or manufacturing because the company’s operations scheduled and every activity is an in-house job. A brief insight on the origin of the soft drink businesses can be achieved by centering on one of the most lucrative and groundbreaking companies in existence (Saltzman, Levy Hilke 1999). In the year 1886, an Atlanta pharmacist who was known as John Pemberton came up with a novel drink by adding flavour ed treacle to aerated water. The beverage was at the outset promoted as a therapeutic beverage, which was put up for sale in a pharmacy for five cents a glass. Asa Griggs Candler, who was a local businessperson, purchased the Coca-Cola brand for $2,300 in the late 1880’s. Candler later turned out to be the earliest head of the company. Candler, who was a gifted salesperson, transformed the soft drink from a creative piece of work into a business opportunity by publicizing Coca-Cola as a thirst-quenching infusion rather than a therapeutic beverage. This change turned out to be a critical moment for the Coca-Cola Company as well as the entire industry that dealt with aerated beverages (Saltzman, Levy Hilke 1999).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vertical Integration in Business Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is essential to give the details of the chronological circumstances of a product and the extent of rivalry within its market. Such details enable the total comprehension of the existing state of affairs and make it possible to foresee the most probable future direction of the aerated soft drink business. Aerated soft drinks comprise a special blend of seasoned syrup and fizzy water. Every drink that is devoid of alcohol, carbon dioxide and milk that is prepared by blending treacle and fizzy water falls under the category of soft drinks (Saltzman, Levy Hilke 1999). The large profit margins realized from the sale of carbonated drinks by the soft drink companies have become sources of contention regarding the extent of rivalry within the soft drink market. The Federal Trade Commission has carried out a number of inspections in the preceding thirty years to establish the sources of the assets in various companies in the soft drink industry. In addition, the Department of Justice has brought several price-fixing cases against some carbonated soft drink companies (Saltzm an, Levy Hilke 1999). In the nineteenth century, there were numerous companies selling several varieties of flavoured carbonated drinks. Most of these drinks appeared as medicinal drinks in their adverts, and their sale was done in normal retail shops and pharmacies. The Coca-Cola Company together with Pepsi Cola were among the first firms to market the carbonated soft drinks on a large scale in the United States. These two companies have greatly invested in popularising their products to create awareness about their products, which continues to date. The companies have grown to be worldwide competing companies with big market shares using forward and backward integration. The integration of the production process is what makes the Coca-Cola Company to price its goods favourably hence giving it an advantage in the soft drink industry. The Coca-Cola Company started with the manufacturing of beverage concentrates and syrups that were mainly used in the manufacture of soft drinks (Fre drix 2009). These products were the basic inputs used in the manufacturing of the soft drink that was commonly referred to as soda after the town of the Coca-Cola Company’s founder.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the company did not bottle the drink or market it. A different company did the marketing and bottling of the concentrate or the syrup after packaging. The Coca-Cola Company’s specialization was the production of the concentrates and syrup. Consequently, the company, being the originator and inventor of the idea of the concentrates and syrup, copyrighted the formula of making soda to avoid duplication of the method by other rival companies.  During the early stages, opportunities for forward integration existed. The company could integrate forward by bottling the soda and marketing it. However, the Coca-Cola Company lost those opportunities when it left other companies to bottle its products. It was not clear to the company the best which bottling method would be the most appropriate for its commodity. It was during that period of indecisiveness that the company chose to buy part of the shares of the bottling companies. The acquisition of shares of the bottling comp any was a main breakthrough of the company, which would later become the main task done solely by the company. When a company vertically integrates upwards, it aims at increasing the value of its products. The income generated by a firm through value addition is higher in comparison to the value of the intermediate item or raw material (Williamson 2010). The bottling of the soda in partnership with other bottlers gave the company an opportunity to earn the company higher returns. These returns aided the expansion and dissemination of the company to various parts of the United States and eventually to neighbouring countries. Vertical integration for the Coca-Cola Company was gradual. As the company partnered with bottling companies, it acquired bottling facilities that could be used for its soda. The bottling companies bottled soda for various companies hence making it difficult for a company to customize its soda bottles to suit its tastes and preferences. Nevertheless, the Coca-Col a Company was able to design customized and appealing bottles after establishing its bottling facility. Vertical integration gives a company more flexibility because a company can alter the production process or a product without having to incur extra costs. The convenience of having everything done by a single company is achieved through vertical integration. The global presence of the Coca-Cola Company is highly attributed to the adoption of the vertical integration system. The manufacture of the concentrates and syrup is centralized, and the distribution of the concentrates to various countries where diluting and branding activities take place is efficient. In these countries, the bottling of the soda takes place in bottling plants owned by Coca-Cola. The company uses its trucks to deliver the drinks from the bottling factories to distributors in various locations. The transportation of the soda from the company warehouses to the selected official distributors is thus the sole re sponsibility of the company. Transportation costs are major costs assumed by companies that transport products. Therefore, vertically integrating the provision of transport services using the company’s trucks or any other mode of transport reduces the cost of hiring the services of other transporting companies. Such extra costs would raise the cost of production and cause the prices of commodities to increase (Allain, Chambolle Rey 2010). The Coca-Cola Company has greatly invested in promoting its brand name through various innovative tactics. These strategies ensure that the company vertically integrates marketing of its products, which maintains the image of the company as a first choice brand. The Coca-Cola Company makes use of adverts to foster brand allegiance among its existing and potential clients, which was initially done by the bottling companies. For example, Coca-Cola emphasizes the use of publicity to establish a lasting brand impression for its merchandise and the entire company. In addition, the company utilizes an integrated marketing consultation approach to depict the brand and maintain it in the minds of existing clients (Hu Chuan 2009). In the past ten years, the Coke Company has used up several billion dollars internationally in the marketing of its products (The Coca-Cola Company 2011). Coca-Cola’s long-standing investment in trade name recognition gave the company immense recognition as the most important brand name in the entire world (Fredrix 2009). Vertical integration causes the company to be involved in all aspects ranging from the production of drinks in the company to the distribution of the final product from the company to the customer through the retailer. The company has gained recognition by sponsoring various events, for example, musical shows such as the ‘The American Idol’ (The Coca-Cola Company 2012). Consequently, the company creates a strong brand name from such activities. Conclusion The up ward and downward integration of the Coca-Cola Company helped it grow from a small company to a multinational company. The use of the right approach to business management especially the distribution process and advertising is highly attributed to its success. The company’s distribution approach of establishing bottling branches in various regions and countries was a key forward leap for the company. The patenting of the company’s innovation and invention also protected the company from direct competition (Williamson 2010). The ability to carry out various roles was due to the firm’s acquisition of bottling facilities partially under equity holding and later by fully acquiring bottling plants. The use of celebrities in advertising and sponsoring of major events created a good company image resulting in strengthening of the company’s brand. The promotion methods used by the company also made it a choice soft drink for many people. Therefore, the company wa s successful in vertically integrating its production and distribution process. References Allain M-L. C., Chambolle Rey, P 2010, Vertical integration, innovation, and foreclosure, http://dev3.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/6/6684/papers/ChambolleFinal.pdf. Fredrix, E 2009, Coca-Cola still viewed as most valuable brand, usatoday.com/money/advertising/2009-09-17-coke-brand_N.htm. Hu, F-L Chuan, C. C 2009, â€Å"How can different brand strategies lead to retailers success-comparing manufacturers brand for Coca-Cola and private brand for Costco,† Journal of Global Business Issues, vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 129-133. Joskow, P. L 2005, â€Å"Vertical integration,† in C. Menard M. M. Shirley (eds), Handbook of new institutional economics, Springer, New York, pp. 319-348. Saltzman, H., Levy, R., Hilke, J. C 1999, Transformation and continuity: The U.S. carbonated soft drink bottling industry and antitrust policy since 1980, https://www.msu.edu/~conlinmi/teaching/MBA814/softdrink.pdf. The Co ca-Cola Company 2011, FAQs – advertising, thecoca-colacompany.com/contactus/faq/advertising.html. The Coca-Cola Company 2012, 125 years of sharing happiness, http://assets.coca-colacompany.com/7b/46/TCCC_125Years_Booklet_Spreads_Hi.pdf. Williamson, O. E 2010, â€Å"Transaction cost economics: the natural progression,† American Economic Review, vol. 100 no.3, pp. 673-690.